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書與考試
 
許多人都會在讀書時遇到很多難題,例如不知如何做筆記,寫撮要,結果上完課後,很多課堂內容都忘掉,到考試時,更感恐懼和不知所措,我們特別提供一些有效的讀書方法及考試時的注意事項,令你易於了解課堂內容,並且可以鬆容應付考試。

 

第三課:製作資料圖  Information Mapping


資料圖是幫助你將課程的資料組織起來,以表列出,令你學習時更有效率。

 

製作資料圖時,你須要:

(1)         題目列在最頂,並標明相關例子(a title and columns across the top that are labeled with examples of the title);

(2)          提出所有有關欄目的問題(questions that can be asked about all the columns);

(3)          回答問題,並在每一欄位中寫出來(answers to the questions, written in each cell);

 

例如:

 

Title:

Presidents

Examples:

Lincoln

Washington

Kennedy

 

 

Sugars

Examples:

Sucrose蔗糖

Glucose葡萄糖

Fructose果糖

 

如何製作一張資料圖:

 

(1)          確定適合的內容作資料圖,所包含的項目或觀點能夠作邏輯性比較。(Identify appropriate content for information mapping, items or ideas that can be logically compared.

(2)          寫上題目,然後將每一項目逐一列出,每項必須是對應題目的例子。(Write a title; then write each of the items across the top of a sheet of paper. Each item should be an example of the general category in the title.

(3)          在最左面寫上問題,這些問題可以應用於所有欄目,而問題不單只是對或錯,可以是如何或怎樣的問題形式。(Write questions that can apply to all of the columns of the information map. Write questions that require more than a yes or no answer. It can be how or what questions.

(4)          在適當位置上寫上答案。(Answer the question in the appropriate box.

(5)          寫上答案的來源。(Write the source of the answer. For example: text, P.20, or notes 2/2/2003

如何運用資料圖:

 

(1)    你可以遮掩著資料圖的答案,只看問題,並嘗試自己回答。(Cover the cells and test yourself on the answers.

(2)    利用欄目資料去概括二個或以上的觀點,然後作出解釋或比較。(Use the columns to summarize two or more ideas that are to be explained or compared.

 

Example:

 

 

Types of Input / Output (I/O)

 

 

Programmed I/O

Interrupt-driven I/O

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Channel I/O

Who takes care of I/O?

Programmer

Operating System

DMA controller

Channel controller

How much processor time is required?

A lot, must wait for I/O to finish

A lot, must send for and check for I/O

Little, must request and receive data block

Little, must send for and get block

How does processor know I/O is done?

Receives data from memory

Receives interrupt from operating system

Receives message from DMA controller

Receives PSW from Channel

What are the steps in the process?

Send for I/O, wait to receive data, process data

Send for I/O, process other program, check interrupt, receive and process

Send DMA request, process other program, get data from DMA, process data

Send request to Channel, receive location of data, process data

 

 



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