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讀書與考試
許多人都會在讀書時遇到很多難題,例如不知如何做筆記,寫撮要,結果上完課後,很多課堂內容都忘掉,到考試時,更感恐懼和不知所措,我們特別提供一些有效的讀書方法及考試時的注意事項,令你易於了解課堂內容,並且可以鬆容應付考試。
第三課:製作資料圖
Information Mapping
資料圖是幫助你將課程的資料組織起來,以表列出,令你學習時更有效率。
製作資料圖時,你須要:
(1)
將題目列在最頂,並標明相關例子(a
title and columns across the top that are labeled with examples of
the title);
(2)
提出所有有關欄目的問題(questions
that can be asked about all the columns);
(3)
回答問題,並在每一欄位中寫出來(answers
to the questions, written in each cell);
例如:
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Title:
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Presidents
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Examples:
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Lincoln
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Washington
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Kennedy
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Sugars
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Examples:
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Sucrose蔗糖
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Glucose葡萄糖
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Fructose果糖
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如何製作一張資料圖:
(1)
確定適合的內容作資料圖,所包含的項目或觀點能夠作邏輯性比較。(Identify
appropriate content for information mapping, items or ideas that can
be logically compared.)
(2)
寫上題目,然後將每一項目逐一列出,每項必須是對應題目的例子。(Write
a title; then write each of the items across the top of a sheet of
paper. Each item should be an example of the general category in the
title.)
(3)
在最左面寫上問題,這些問題可以應用於所有欄目,而問題不單只是對或錯,可以是如何或怎樣的問題形式。(Write
questions that can apply to all of the columns of the information
map. Write questions that require more than a yes or no
answer. It can be how or what questions.)
(4)
在適當位置上寫上答案。(Answer
the question in the appropriate box.)
(5)
寫上答案的來源。(Write
the source of the answer. For example: text, P.20, or notes 2/2/2003)
如何運用資料圖:
(1)
你可以遮掩著資料圖的答案,只看問題,並嘗試自己回答。(Cover
the cells and test yourself on the answers.)
(2)
利用欄目資料去概括二個或以上的觀點,然後作出解釋或比較。(Use
the columns to summarize two or more ideas that are to be explained
or compared.)
Example:
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Types
of Input / Output (I/O)
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Programmed I/O
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Interrupt-driven
I/O
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Direct Memory
Access (DMA)
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Channel I/O
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Who takes care of
I/O?
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Programmer
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Operating System
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DMA controller
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Channel controller
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How much processor
time is required?
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A lot, must wait
for I/O to finish
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A lot, must send
for and check for I/O
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Little, must
request and receive data block
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Little, must send
for and get block
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How does processor
know I/O is done?
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Receives data from
memory
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Receives interrupt
from operating system
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Receives message
from DMA controller
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Receives PSW from
Channel
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What are the steps
in the process?
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Send for I/O, wait
to receive data, process data
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Send for I/O,
process other program, check interrupt, receive and process
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Send DMA request,
process other program, get data from DMA, process data
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Send request to
Channel, receive location of data, process data
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