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標點符號的運用(Punctuation)
當我們說話時,會提高音亮來加強語氣,會停頓來表示語意說畢,而在文字表達上,標點符號便擔當著重要的角色,例如:表示句子完結,詢問句,對話等。有時候,標點符號更可將說話時較難表達的意思提出來,如直接引述別人的語句或文章。如果要讀者明白文章內容,便須正確運用標點符號了。
第六課 破折號
Dash -及連字號
Hyphen
-
破折號
Dash
-
破折號等於兩個連字號的長度(在打字時連打兩次即可),而用途也比連字號較多,但有很多人都有誤用或濫用破折號,尤其是撰寫學術論文或求職信時,應注意減少使用。
(1)
用破折號來表示語氣或思想的突變:
例子:
He
staggered, picked himself up, then fell backward-stone
drunk at his wedding reception.
(2)
用破折號來分隔或強調一插入語,包括同位語
appositives、例子或定義:
同位語:
Two
of the strongest animals in the jungle are vegetarians—the
elephant and the gorilla.
Dick
Gregory, The Shadow that Scares Me
例子:
The
care-takers—those who are helpers, nurturers, teachers,
mothers—are still systematically devalued.
Ellen
Goodman, “Just Woman’s Work?”
定義:
Personal
space—“elbow room”—is a vital commodity for the human
animal, and one that cannot be ignored without risking serious
trouble.
Desmond
Morris, Manwatching
(3)
用破折號來引入一撮要
summary:
例子:
She wants high-style clothes,
an elegant apartment, a modern car—in short, she wants money.
(4)
用破折號來加強作者的論點:
例子:
These five passages have not
been picked out because they are especially bad—I could have
quoted far worse if I have chosen—but because they illustrate
various of the mental vices from which we now suffer.
George
Orwell, “Politics and the English Language”
注意:
如果在一對玻折號中的句語包含問號(?)或感嘆號(!),則把問號或感嘆號放在破折號之前。但其他標點符號如逗號(,),冒號(:),分號(;)或句號(.)不能跟著使用破折號。
例子:
A
first date—do you remember?—stays in the memory forever.
(5)
在談話句子中,用破折號來表示猶豫或中斷說話:
例子:
“Naturally,” said Mr Lorry.
“Yes—
I
—“
After
a pause, he added, again settling the crisp flaxen wig at the ears,
“It is very difficult to begin.”
Charles
Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
連字號
Hyphen
-
(1)
連結兩字或多個字成為一形容詞來形容一名詞,並放於一名詞之前:
例子:
sixteen-year-old
son
up-to-date
information
注意:
I)
在名詞之後,不可用連結字,如下列所示:
His
son is sixteen years old.
The
information was clearly not up to date.
II)
不可用連字號將有 –ly 結尾的副詞adverb和一形容詞作連結,如下所示:
carefully
developed plot
usually
fine wine
(2)
用連字號來表示分數,以及介乎二十至一百之複合數字:
分數例子:
one-fourth
complete
a
two-thirds majority
數字例子:
twenty-one
fifty-two
(3)
用連字號來連結根詞
root words
與前綴
prefixes
或後綴
suffixes:
前綴
prefixes:pro-,
anti-, self-, great-, co-, all-
後綴
suffixes:-elect
例子:
pro-abolitionist
anti-abolitionist
self-confessed
great-grandmother
co-worker
all-loving
governor-elect
congressman-elect
(4)
使用連字號來連結兩個或以上的名詞,使之成為複合詞
compound nouns:
例子:
double-decker
half-light
hair-stylist
father-in-law
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