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寫文章的要點
(Writing an Essay)
了解到段落的寫作方法,現在可以學習如何撰寫一篇文章。基本的短文可分三部分:開始段落(Introductory
Paragraph),發展段落(Development Paragraphs),總結段落(Concluding
Paragraph),作者除了有好的內容外,還須要提供及組織資料,支持自己的觀點,最後是清楚了解讀者,才能吸引他們細讀自己的作品。
第三課:說明文(Expository
Essay)
(一
說明文是闡述或解釋某一事物的發生、發展、結果、特徵、性質、狀態、功能等的文體,主要用於介紹某些操作程序,解釋抽象概念,說明客觀事物的特點,或闡明自然現象等,能提供事物的
What, Why, How方面的知識,使讀者明白事理。除了一般課堂作文外,多用於研究報告及實驗結果的文章。
說明可分為兩種:
(I)
事物說明文:指說明的事物是具有形體的東西。
(II)
事理說明文:指說明抽象的概念,或介紹事物的本質屬性,或陳述事情的原因等。
說明文與其他文體的分別:
(I)
說明與記敘:說明偏重於知識性、科學性,大多是為了解釋說明某些客觀事物,幫助讀者了解客觀世界;敘述則偏重於具體地反映事物的情況和變化過程,使人有所感知和感動。
(II)
說明與描寫:說明要求以平實簡潔的語言,將事物的狀態、性質、功能、成因、過程等告訴讀者;描寫是對事物作生動的描繪,使讀者有深刻的感受。
(III)
說明與議論:說明是為了讓讀者了解情況、明白事理、知道真偽,一般不確立什麼論點;議論是對事物或問題進行推斷、論證、發表評論、提出作者的論點及主張。
說明的方法:
(I)
定義說明法:對某種事物的本質特徵或概念作準確而簡要的說明。
(i)簡短定義
Short Definition:先陳述要解釋的定義,再說明它所屬的組別,最後說明它與其他組別不同之處。
“Pardon”
is an action of a court or ruler forgiving a person for an illegal
act and giving freedom from punishment.
“Excuse”is
the reason, whether true or untrue, given when asking to be forgiven
for absence, wrong behavior, a fault, etc.
(
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English )
(ii)延伸定義
Extended Definition:有別於簡短定義只用一兩句來解釋,延伸定義本身便可成一篇文章,而通常要下定義的語句較為複雜或抽象,而解釋的方法包括:
(1)
提供例子說明;
(2)
列出其顯著的特點和特徵;
(3)
提出歷史發展的實證;
(4)
以比較及對比方式來解釋;
(5)
先分明別類,再逐一說明每類之差異;
Example:
One-upmanship
One-upmanship
is the art of impressing other people. You are “one up” on
someone if you have said something impressive, something that makes
the other person feel inferior. At the beginning of this year, I met
three new students who all knew the art of one-upmanship. One said
that his brother was a lieutenant in the Marine Corps. The other
told me that he had been at a school that had its own fully equipped
television studio. The third had just come from an exclusive prep
school in New England. To play the game, I should have thought of an
answer that would put me “one up” in turn. To the first, I
should have replied that my uncle is the adjutant to the Commanding
General of the Corps. To the second, I should have said that our
school has an electronically operated language lab. To the third, I
should have said that my father is a professor at Harvard.
Unfortunately, none of those things is true.
分析如下:
本文向讀者說明一個單詞
-
One-upmanship,並運用了簡短定義法,對
One-upmanship 下了扼要定義,跟著以舉例方法延伸這詞的解釋,用作者見到的
three new students 如何運用
one-upmanship的例子來說明,以及他欲反敗為勝的方法,將抽象的定義演繹成具體生動的事例。
(II)
分類說明法:將事物按照一定的標準和範圍,系統地分成若干點或若干方面來說明,可以從不同角度或準則,對說明對象進行多次分類。一般用於內容較複雜、涉及面較廣的事物進行說明,通常不少於三類,不多於六類。
在一篇短文中,首段是introduction,之後的段落是每種分類的說明,可依時間、空間次序來決定類別陳述的先後,而最後一段是總結或建議。
Example:
Part-time
Jobs
There
are many part-time jobs for college students who need money to help
pay their bills. For students who enjoy talking to customers, sales
jobs are ideal. Some people like to find their own customers, so
they choose door-to-door sales of products ranging from beauty aids
and encyclopedias to vacuum cleaners. Other people prefer working in
department stores, where customer finds them. Students who like
being around people, but do not want to persuade them to buy
anything, might prefer clerking in a grocery or discount store.
Those who enjoy providing service to the public might prefer office
jobs as secretaries, file clerks, or bookkeepers. And those who like
to keep their surroundings clean and neat might find that being
dishwashers, stockroom persons, or janitors fills their need for
both money and job satisfaction.
分析如下:
本文雖未列小段,但讀完後對大學生的兼職工作已有大致了解,因為採用了分類說明法。兼職工作分為:door-to-door
sales; sales in department stores; clerking in a grocery or discount
store; office jobs; keeping clean and neat jobs。
(III)
比較說明法:運用同類事物或不同類事物與要作說明的事物進行比較,以突出其特徵,所以,在說明較為複雜的或不為人所熟悉的事物時,用比較的方法可以把難於理解的事物說得清楚易懂。
常用於:
(i)
顯示某一事物的優異之處:;
(ii)
說明兩類似事物的不同之處;
(iii)
說明兩不同事物的共同之處;
(iv)
說明兩者的相同及相異之處。
寫段落要點:
首段:陳述比較事物的相同及差異的地方。
主要內容:詳細說明比較事物的異同,可以
subject-by-subject,先用一段落說明一事物,跟著一段說明另一事物,如此類推;亦可以用
point-by-point,就某一方面比較兩事物的異或同,在同一段落中出現,下一段則比較兩者的其他方面,如此類推。
總結:要留意總結中必須提及兩種比較事物,及重申文章的主題。
(V)
舉例說明法:一般有兩種情形:一是列舉舉例,說明事物或事理所包括的範圍;二是典型舉例,例子具有化表性,能充分說明要講的問題。說明文中的舉例與議論文中的舉例有所不同,前者是為了印證所要說明的情況屬實,使人有所知;後者是為了印證觀點的正確,使人有所信。
Exercises:
Choose
one of the titles and write a composition of about 120 words.
1.
True Love (using extended definition)
2.
Varieties of Friendship (using classification)
3.
American movies and Chinese movies (using comparison)
4.
Greed (using examples)
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