English Writing B4

^英文教室^

段落結構

第四課：Transitions & Conjunctions

句子中的連接詞或字可以幫助段落的連貫性，所以在這一課中特別介紹一些常見的 Transitions & Conjunctions 供大家參考之用。

1) Transitions:

Purpose	Transitional Expressions
表示時間	next, then, after, before, later, soon, during, while, meanwhile, following, shortly, thereafter, the next day, finally.
表示地方	above, over, inside, to the left/right, behind, beyond, in the center, straight ahead, next to, on the side, at the top, opposite, below, under, at the front, around, near.
表示順序	first, second, next, then, last, finally, above all, first of all.
表示補充	in addition, moreover, similarly, likewise, and, again, also, besides, further, furthermore,
表示轉折	but, however, conversely, in spite of, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, after all, still, on the contrary, yet, whereas.
表示比較	by comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same way.
表示結果	as a result, thus, hence, accordingly, therefore, consequently, then, so.
表示原因	because, for, as, since, owing to.
表示例證	for example, for instance, to illustrate.
表示總結	in short, in summary, in conclusion, to sum up, therefore, in brief, to conclude, all in all, in other words.
加強語氣	certainly, undoubtedly, indeed, truly, in fact, surely.

用法（一）：

在使用某些轉折字時，必須了解標點符號的用法。

例如：若在一句子中使用引申或轉折意思，如下列所示，便要用分號和逗號。

_______________;	consequently,	______________________.
_______________;	furthermore,	______________________.
_______________;	however,	______________________.
_______________;	indeed,	______________________.
_______________;	moreover,	______________________.
_______________;	nevertheless,	______________________.
_______________;	therefore,	______________________.

For example:

You cannot go to the beach because it is raining heavily; moreover, you haven't finished your homework.

用法（二）：

如果要表示兩句子間的意思銜接或轉移，則運用標點符號時便如下列所示：

______________________.	Consequently,	______________________.
______________________.	Furthermore,	______________________.
______________________.	However,	______________________.
______________________.	Indeed,	______________________.
______________________.	Moreover,	______________________.
______________________.	Nevertheless,	______________________.
______________________.	Therefore,	______________________.

For example:

I studied Japanese for four years in college. Nevertheless, I had trouble talking with people when I was traveling in Japan.

2) Coordinate Conjunctions

記住這兩個英文字：FAN BOYS，便會受用無窮，它們是七個Coordinate Conjunctions 的字首，即：

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Coordinate Conjunctions
	Purpose	Example
for	reason	John couldn't use the pay phone, for he didn't have any coins with him.
and	parallel or equal side	Florida has a sunny weather, and its coastline offers excellent white sand beaches.
nor	two equal negative sides	Anne has never been dishonest, nor does she intend to start being so now.
but	contrasting idea	The bread was not fresh, but Jenny ate it anyway.
or	alternative side	Edward can't be ill, or he wouldn't have come.
yet	unexpected idea	Maria is a funny girl, yet you can't help liking her.
so	result of the first clause	It is very dark, so I can't find my way home.

3) Subordinate Conjunctions

以下的連接詞可用在句子中間，或放在句首，要留意標點符號的運用各有不同，前後句的意思也因連接詞的位置而作出更改。

用法（I）
___________________	after	_______________________.
___________________	although	_______________________.
___________________	because	_______________________.
___________________	before	_______________________.
___________________	if	_______________________.
___________________	since	_______________________.
___________________	when	_______________________.
___________________	while	_______________________.
___________________	whenever	_______________________.

用法（II）
After	_______________ , ______________.
Although	_______________ , ______________.
Because	_______________ , ______________.
Before	_______________ , ______________.
If	_______________ , ______________.
Since	_______________ , ______________.
Unless	_______________ , ______________.
When	_______________ , ______________.
While	_______________ , ______________.

Exercise:

Choose one of the following topics and develop a paragraph. When you have finished writing, give it to a friend or classmate to read and review. Use the following questions to respond to each other's writing.

Topics:
1)	TV commercials
2)	My best friend
3)	A fine day
4)	My favorite sights
5)	My first dance
6)	An embarrassing incident

Review Checklist

Writer:_________________
Reviewer:_______________
Date:___________________

Review Questions:
1)	What is the topic of the paragraph? Is it narrowed down enough?
2)	What is the topic sentence of the paragraph?
3)	What is the controlling idea of the paragraph? Is it clear and focused? Do you have any suggestions for improving the controlling idea?
4)	Is the paragraph unified? Do all of the sentences support the controlling idea? If not, point out sentences that are irrelevant.
5)	Is the paragraph coherent? Are the ideas logically arranged? Does the paragraph flow smoothly? If not, suggest ways to improve coherence.
6)	What is the most interesting part of the paragraph?
7)	What has the writer done well?

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